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This problem was asked in a test, couple of years ago. Looked interesting!

In a chess tournament, each pair of players plays exactly one game. No game is drawn. Suppose the $i^{th}$ player wins $a_{i}$ games and loses $b_{i}$ games. Show that $$\sum a_{i}^{2} = \sum b_{i}^{2}$$

I can't think of a better title. It would be nice in case someone comes up with a nice title.

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    This doesn't have much to do with chess! Maybe a title including the word "tournament" would be better. By the way, it's spelt "loses", not "looses".2010-10-15
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    Yes, tournament is a directed graph where you assign a direction between any two nodes. I will change the title to reflect that.2010-10-15

4 Answers 4

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$$\sum (a_i^2 - b_i^2) = \sum (a_i+b_i)(a_i-b_i) = (n-1) \sum (a_i-b_i) $$ $$= (n-1) \left(\sum a_i - \sum b_i\right) = (n-1)\left(\binom{n}{2} - \binom{n}{2}\right) = 0,$$ where $n$ is the total number of players. (Each player plays $n-1$ games, so $a_i+b_i = n-1$, and there are a total of $\binom{n}{2}$ games played, so $\sum a_i = \sum b_i = \binom{n}{2}$.)

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Consider flipping the result of one game, say between player 1 and 2.

Then $\sum (a_i)^2 - \sum (b_i)^2$ changes by $2(a_1 + b_1) - 2(a_2 + b_2) = 0$ as $a_i + b_i = n-1$, where $n$ is the number of players.

Thus $\sum (a_i)^2 - \sum (b_i)^2$ is the same no matter what the results and thus is same as the extreme case when the winner wins all matches, the runner up all but one etc, for which the sum is 0.

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    Very clear and intuitive. And exactly the same tactic that was used on tournament-style problem on the 2012 Putnam!2013-09-20
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    @Potato: Thanks!2013-09-20
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Let the number of wins of a random player be A, and let the number of losses of a random player be B. Then A and B have the same mean (half the number of games) and the same variance (since $B = n-A$, where n is the number of players). So $A^2$ and $B^2$ have the same expectation, which is what you want.

(Of course, if you write this out more explicitly it'll resemble Mike Spivey's answer quite closely. But this is what went through my head.)

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It can be extended so that draw is possible with score of 0 ,

winning score of +1,

losing score of -1,

doing some change in @Mike Spivey answer it is trivial