8
$\begingroup$

The Problem:

$$\frac1{1\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot 4} + \frac4{3\cdot 4\cdot 5\cdot 6} + \frac9{5\cdot 6\cdot 7\cdot 8} + \frac{16}{7 \cdot 8 \cdot 9 \cdot 10} + \cdots$$

Any smarter way to solve this may be within a minute or two?


I am adding my solution,If you are a student please don't read-on I find this particular problem to some sort of interesting so just try it once :-)

I started off with trying to find the $T_n$ th term

$$T_n = \frac{n^2}{(2n-1)(2n)(2n+1)(2n+2)}$$ $$ = \frac1{24} \times \biggl( \frac1{2n-1} + \frac3{2n+1} - \frac4{2n+2} \biggr)$$

$$ = \frac1{24} \times \biggl[\biggl( \frac1{2n-1} + \frac1{2n+1}\biggr) + 4 \times \biggl(\frac1{2n+1} - \frac1{2n+2} \biggr) \biggr]$$

After this this becomes really easy, $$ S_\infty = \frac1{24} \times \biggl[( 1 - \frac13 + \frac13 - \frac15 + \frac15 + \cdots ) + 4 \times (\ln 2 - \frac12)\biggr]$$

$$ = \frac16 \log_e 2 - \frac1{24}$$

But as you can see this approach is a bit tedious and it took me some 30 minutes to reduce the $T_n$ to that form. Any other smart approaches?

  • 3
    Partial fraction decomposition should always be your first step when encountering a series or integral with a rational function. I don't know what other techniques you're expecting.2010-12-11
  • 0
    You stated a series (in an ambiguous way), not a problem. So, what is the problem?2010-12-11
  • 0
    Hmm I it seems like I don't know Partial fraction decomposition... hence that is the problem.2010-12-11
  • 2
    I don't understand what you want... 30 minutes does not sound that bad, and "summing series in 2 minutes" seems like a silly objective! No one needs to sum series in 2 minutes.2010-12-11
  • 1
    In exam I am supposed to do it within 2 mints,four options are given you have to select the correct...Of-course now I could,but if I faced this for the first time during exams then ... :/2010-12-11

2 Answers 2

11

Problems like these are usually amenable to partial fraction decompositions.

From my experience with exam problems like these, once we do the partial fractions (which can be done quite quickly as described below), either we can do some sort of a telescoping sum, or write the resulting as a combination of well known series. In some cases, you can quickly and mechanically apply known estimates for well known series and find the sum. Of course, each problem is different and you might have to get creative.

Let us try that approach to your problem.


Step1: Splitting into Partial Fractions

You can try the following which should give you the partial fraction decomposition pretty quickly.

Set

$$ \dfrac{n}{2(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+2)} = \dfrac{A}{2n-1} + \dfrac{B}{2n+1} + \dfrac{C}{2n+2}$$

Multiplying by $\displaystyle 2n-1$ and setting $\displaystyle n=1/2$ gives

$\displaystyle A = \dfrac{1/2}{2 \times 2 \times 3} = \dfrac{1}{24}$.

Multiply the original by $\displaystyle 2n+1$ and set $\displaystyle n=-1/2$. This gives us $B$.

$\displaystyle B = \dfrac{-1/2}{2 \times -2 \times 1} = \dfrac{1}{8}$

Multiply the original by $\displaystyle 2n+2$ and set $\displaystyle n = -1$. This gives us

$\displaystyle C = \dfrac{-1}{ 2 \times -3 \times -1 } = \dfrac{-1}{6}$.

Thus

$$ \dfrac{n}{2(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+2)} = \dfrac{1}{24}\left(\dfrac{1}{2n-1} + \dfrac{3}{2n+1} - \dfrac{4}{2n+2}\right)$$

Apparently this is due to Heaviside: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside_cover-up_method


Step2: Summing the series

Now to find the sum, you can use the following, which does not require any clever algebraic manipulations and so can be done quite quickly.

$$H_n = \sum_{j=1}^{n} \dfrac{1}{j} = \log n + \gamma + \mathcal{O}\left(\dfrac{1}{n}\right)$$

This gives us

$$\sum_{j=1}^{n} \dfrac{1}{2j - 1} = H_{2n} - \dfrac{1}{2} H_n = \log 2 + \frac{\log n}{2} + \gamma/2 + \mathcal{O}\left(\dfrac{1}{n}\right)$$

Thus your sum to $n$ terms is

$$\dfrac{1}{24}\left(\log 2 + \dfrac{\log n}{2} + \gamma/2 + 3\log 2 + 3 \dfrac{\log (n+1)}{2} - 3 + 3 \gamma/2 - 2\log (n+1) - 2\gamma +2\right) + \mathcal{O}\left(\dfrac{1}{n}\right)$$

Since $\log(n+1) = \log n + \mathcal{O}\left(\dfrac{1}{n}\right)$ we get that the sum to n terms is

$$\dfrac{1}{24}(4 \log 2 -1) + \mathcal{O}\left(\dfrac{1}{n}\right)$$

As $\displaystyle n \to \infty$,

the limit is

$$ \dfrac{1}{24}(4 \log 2 - 1)$$

Note: As J.M points out in the comments below, a very general method similar to the above can be found in Abramowitz and Stegun's book:

The technique you used for summing the series is described in Abramowitz and Stegun. (Harmonic numbers and digamma functions are trivially related).

Note1: As Mike points, out, there is an updated version of the book available here: http://dlmf.nist.gov/

  • 1
    Thanks for this, I didn't know the method had a name!2010-12-11
  • 0
    @J.M: I didn't know either, until I checked to see if wikipedia had a write up on that.2010-12-11
  • 1
    The technique you used for summing the series is described in [Abramowitz and Stegun](http://people.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/page_264.htm). (Harmonic numbers and digamma functions are trivially related.)2010-12-11
  • 0
    Hey thanks Moron.I never knew about partial fraction method,I read the wike entry and got frightened a bit :P could you suggest me a good book where I can learn this from very basic.2010-12-11
  • 1
    @Deb: Any good algebra or calculus book should have a nice discussion on PFD.2010-12-11
  • 0
    Damn I haven't started with calculus yet:(In my algebra book ... nothing like that.2010-12-11
  • 0
    @J.M: Thanks! Wasn't aware of that book, and it is available freely!2010-12-11
  • 1
    @Moron: It's been many years since A&S was revised, but just this year NIST published an updated version online: http://dlmf.nist.gov/2010-12-12
  • 0
    @Mike: Thanks for the link!2010-12-12
  • 0
    Well, I learned the partial fraction decomposition from sal's note,wasn't that hard I was thinking it to be :P2010-12-13
  • 0
    I will try to learn the heavy-side-cover up method from the wike page. :)2010-12-13
  • 0
    So as I got to learn something out of it I am accepting it with +1:) Thanks Moron :)2010-12-13
  • 0
    And it's rather easy than the actual partial decomposition :D2010-12-13
3

Again this is trivial employing telescopy. After partial fraction decomposition the summand has the form $\rm\ a_1(n-1) - a_1(n) + c\ (a_1(n)+a_0(n))\ $ where $\rm\ a_0(n),\ a_1(n)\ $ are the coefficients of the even, odd part of the $\rm log\ x\ $ power series, for $\rm\ x = 2\:.\:$ The sum of the first part $\rm\ a_1(n-1) - a_1(n)\ $ telescopes to $\rm\:a(0)\:$ and the sum of second part combines all the odd and even terms into the complete power series for $\rm\: log\ 2\:.\ $ Notice how very simple this approach is. In particular it does not require any knowledge of asymptotics of harmonic series - as in the approach in Moron's answer.

Generally no ingenuity is required to find such telescopy. It can be done mechanically as follows. Let $\rm\:S\:$ be the shift $\rm\: S\ a(n)\: \to\: a(n+1)\:,\: $ and let $\rm\ P(S)\ $ be a polynomial in $\rm\:S\:$ whose coefficients $\rm\:c\:$ are constant w.r.t. $\rm\:n\:,\ $ i.e. $\rm\ S\ c = c\:.\: $ Then $\rm\ \sum\ P(S)\ a(n)\ =\ \sum\ (P(S)-P(1))\ a(n)\ +\ P(1)\: \sum\: a(n)\:.\ $ The first sum telescopes since the Factor Theorem $\rm\: \Rightarrow\ S-1 \:|\: P(S)-P(1)\:.\ $ Therefore the sum computation reduces to that of the simpler $\rm\ \sum\: a(n)\:.$